Management crux

                        Factors of production                        Factors of production are resources that are thought to be the basic building blocks of production in any economy. Land, labour, and capital are widely considered to be the three main factors of production. The factors of production are considered to be basic inputs that are absolutely necessary for the production of any good or service that is useful to final consumers. Entrepreneurship is also considered by many to be the fourth factor of production. Some heterodox economists, however, consider land, labour, and time to be the three primary factors of production. They believe capital and entrepreneurship to be secondary factors of production in the sense that these factors are derived by first combining land, labour, and time. In the modern economy, physical capital such as machines, for instance...

 Fiscal Deficit Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of a government in a financial year. Fiscal deficit arises when the expenditure of a government is more than the revenue generated by the government in a given fiscal year. Fiscal deficit happens due to events like a major rise in capital expenditure or deficit arising from revenue. It serves as an indicator of how well the government is managing its finances. Let us look at the process of calculating the fiscal deficit, and also study the components that make up the fiscal deficit. How is Fiscal Deficit Calculated? Fiscal deficit is calculated by subtracting the total revenue obtained by the government in a fiscal year from the total expenditures that it incurred during the same period. Mathematically, it can be represented as follows: Fiscal deficit = Total Expenditure – Total revenue (Excluding the borrowings) Fiscal deficit is seen in all the economies, while the surplus is consider...

CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY Recently, RBI has recently launched a pilot project on Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) and also issued a Concept Note on CBDC. Two forms of CBDCs may be introduced: ✓ CBDC-Retail: potentially available for use by all private sector, non-financial consumers and businesses.  ✓ CBDC-Wholesale: designed for restricted access by financial institutions. About Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC): • RBI defines CBDC as the legal tender issued by a central bank in a digital form.  • It is pegged to the value of that country's fiat currency and adds digital form to existing physical form of bank note (Finance Bill 2022). CBDC’s Global scenario: As per Bank for International Settlements (BIS) survey, • 90% of central banks are engaged in some form of CBDC work.  • Some countries have launched a CBDC; first was the Bahamian Sand Dollar in 2020 and the latest            was Jamaica’s JAM-DEX.